Application of rDNA in Medicine Gene Therapy
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has made it possible to treat the different diseases by inserting new genes in place of damaged and diseased genes in the human body. It has bought many revolutionary charges in the field of medicine and introduced such methods of treating diseases and delivering the drug which were imaginary.
In this application, there are have many treatment are founded such as insulin therapy, vaccines therapy, human growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies, interferon, antibiotics therapy, and infectious diseases.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone mage up of protein. It will stop the use of fat as an energy source by inhibiting the release of glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone secreted by the pancreas as we called by islet cells. This hormone is responsible for controlling the glucose level in humans.
If a person’s has decreased amount of insulin in his body, he will suffer from a disease called diabetes. Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the scientist to develop human insulin by using the bacteria as a host cell. It is believed that the drugs produced through microbes are safer than the drugs produced traditionally.
Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway. Production and secretion are largely independent by prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion. Both C-peptide and mature insulin are biologically active. Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale.
These stimuli include ingested protein and glucose in the blood produced food. Carbohydrate can be polymers of simple sugar or the simple sugars themselves. If the carbohydrate has glucose, then that glucose level will begin to rise. In the target cells, insulin initiates a signal transduction which has the effect of increasing glucose uptake and storage. Finally, insulin is degraded and terminating the response.
Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus depend on external insulin. They most commonly injected subcutaneously for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a form of diabetes mellitus that result from autoimmune destruction of insulin by producing beta cells of the pancreases. If patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are insulin resistant have relatively low insulin production or might be may eventually require insulin if other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is chracteristized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
Vaccine
Vaccines are used in veterinary medicine. There are biological substance which is prepared to from the suspension of weak or dead pathogenic cells. It is injected in the body to enhance the production of antibodies against particular antigen. Recombinant DNA technology enables the scientists to develop vaccines by cloning the gene used for protective antigen protein. Viral vaccines are most commonly developed through this technology for example Herpes, Influenza, Hepatitis and foot and mouth disease.
Human Growth Hormones
Human growth hormones are polypeptide hormones. It is responsible for growth by reproduction of the cells and regeneration in humans as well as animals. They used as prescription drug in medicine to treat children’s growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. Such as, children will grow as the faster within months then the adults were improved their bone density, increase muscle mass, decrease of adipose tissue, faster hair and nail growth, strengthened immune system, increased circulatory systems, and improved blood lipid levels. In recent years, scientists have developed many growth hormones using recombinant DNA technology. The disease of Dwarfism is treated with this hormone.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies is a monospecific antibodies that are the same because they made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. These advances allowed for the specific targeting of tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Hybridoma technology has made it possible to produce monoclonal antibodies.
In this technique, the lymphocytes or B cells are joined with myeloma cells. The result is substance is called as Hybridoma. This hybridoma produces unlimited antibodies in the culture. The antibody produced is called as monoclonal antibody. These antibodies are used to produce vaccines against different viral infections.
Figure shown Monoclonal antibodies for cancer. ADEPT- antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy, ADCC- antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, CDC- complement dependent cytotoxicity, MAb- monoclonal antibody, scFv (single-chain Fv fragment)
Figure shown transgenic process.
Human monoclonal antibodies produced using transgenic mice or phage display libraries. It will produce by transferring human immunoglobulin genes into the inurine genome after which the transgenic mouse is vaccinated against the desired antigen, leading to the production of monoclonal antibodies. Transgenic is the process of introducing an exogenous gene called a transgenic. Transgenic into a living organism that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to it is offspring. Then they were able to express foreign genes because the genetic code is similar for all organisms. This means that a specific DNA sequence will code for the same protein in all organisms. When using plasmid from bacteria, the DNA plasmid were cut by using restriction enzymes while the DNA to be copied that also cut with the same restriction enzyme then producing sticky-ends. This will be allows the foreign DNA.
Interferon
They are antiviral agents and can fight tumors. A glycoprotein which has the ability to block the multiplication or division is called as interferon. It can be used to treat cancer like hairy cell leukemia. Interferon was produced large amounts of an enzyme known as protein kinase R (PKR). That will response to new viral infection and reduce protein synthesis within the cell. This proteins produced by E.coli. That caused, interferon-alpha is used to treat lymphoma and myleloid leukemia (CML).
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are the chemical substances which are used against bacterial infections. They can produce by microorganisms as well as in the laboratory. They have the ability to destroy bacteria or other harmful microbes which is cause infections in the body. But, they were isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides.
Infectious diseases
The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of infectiology. They will initially diagnose by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. In the diagnosis process, certain pathogens are isolated and identified and then diagnostic kits are produced when the genome of the specific pathogen is known to kill it or block its pathogenic activity.
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